This site is produced by a team of writers, editors, multimedia and graphics producers, information systems specialists, health educators, nurses, doctors, and scientists of the Mayfield Clinic and the University of Cincinnati Department of Neurosurgery. Our presence on the Web is a natural extension of Mayfield's longstanding commitment to provide health information to our patients, colleagues, and the general public.

Notice of Privacy Practices

This notice describes how medical information about you may be used and disclosed and how you can get access to this information. Please review it carefully.

We are required by law to maintain the privacy of your protected health information and to provide you with this notice. It explains Mayfield's privacy practices with regard to your medical information (also referred to as protected health information) and how we may use and disclose your protected health information for treatment, payment and for health care operations, as well as for other purposes that are permitted or required by law. You have certain rights regarding the privacy of your protected health information, and we also describe them in this notice. We are required to abide by the terms of the notice currently in effect.

Ways in Which We May Use and Disclose Your Protected Health Information
The following paragraphs describe different ways that we use and disclose your protected health information. We have provided an example for each category, but these examples are not meant to be exhaustive.

Treatment.
We will use and disclose your protected health information to provide, coordinate, or manage your health care and any related services. For example, if you are being treated for a back condition, we may disclose your information to a physical therapist in order to coordinate your care.

Payment.
We will use and disclose your protected health information to obtain payment for the health care services we provide you. For example, we may include information with a bill to a third-party payer that identifies you, your diagnosis, procedures performed, and supplies used in rendering the service.

Health Care Operations.
We will use and disclose your protected health information to support the business activities of The Mayfield Clinic. For example, we may use medical information about you to review and evaluate our treatment and services or to evaluate our staff's performance while caring for you. Other operations include business management, licensing, and teaching. Since education is an important part of our Mission, we may have students, residents, and fellows involved in your care and treatment. In addition, we may disclose your health information to third party business associates, who perform services such as billing, consulting, transcription services, etc., for our practice. In all cases, we require these business associates to appropriately safeguard the privacy of your information.

Other Ways We May Use and Disclose Your Protected Health Information Appointment Reminders and Health Related Benefits or Services.
We may use and disclose your protected health information to provide appointment reminders or give you information about treatment alternatives or other health care services that we offer.

Others Involved in Your Care.
We will use and disclose your protected health information to a family member, a relative, a close friend, or any other person you identify that is involved in your medical care or payment for care.

Research.
Generally, we will seek your authorization to use your health information for research purposes. However, sometimes you may not be available to give authorization, such as when our research involves a review of prior care and treatment. In these situations, we may seek approval from an Institutional Review Board that has reviewed the research proposal and established protocols to ensure the privacy of your health information.

Worker's Compensation.
We may use and disclose your protected health information for worker's compensation or similar programs that provide benefits for work-related injuries or illness.

Marketing.
We will obtain your authorization for any use or disclosure of your protected health information for marketing except if the communication is in the form of a face-to-face communication made to you or a promotional gift from us of nominal value.

Fundraising.
We may contact you as part of a fund-raising effort to further our Mission.

Organ Donation.
Consistent with applicable law, we may disclose health information to organ procurement organizations or related organizations for the purpose of tissue donation and transplant.

As Required by Law.
We may use and disclose your protected health information when required to by federal, state or local law, including reporting wounds, injuries and crimes.

Public Health Activities.
We may use and disclose your protected health information to public health or legal authorities charged with preventing or controlling disease, injury, or disability. We will make appropriate reports if we suspect abuse, neglect or domestic violence. We will also disclose information to coroners, medical examiners, or funeral directors, consistent with applicable law, to carry out their duties.

Military/National Security.
We may release your protected health information if you are a member of the military as required by armed forces services, and also as necessary for national security, health/safety or intelligence activities.

Your Health Information Rights
Although your medical record is the physical property of The Mayfield Clinic, the information belongs to you. You have the right to:

A Paper Copy of This Notice.
You have the right to receive a paper copy of this notice upon request. You may obtain a copy by asking our registrar at your next visit or by calling and asking us to mail you a copy.

Inspect and Copy.
In most cases, you have the right to inspect and copy the protected health information that we maintain about you in our designated record set for as long as we maintain that information, but this request must be in writing. Please see the registrar or call us for the appropriate form. We will respond to you within 30 days of receipt of your request. If the information is stored off-site, we are allowed up to 60 days to respond, but must inform you of this delay. In certain situations, we may deny your request. If so, we will inform you, in writing, our reasons for the denial and your right to have the denial reviewed. We may charge you a fee for the costs of copying, mailing or other supplies used in fulfilling your request.

Request Amendment.
You have the right to request that we amend your medical information that you believe is inaccurate or incomplete. Your must make your request in writing. Please see the registrar or call us for the appropriate form. We will respond within 60 days of receipt of your request. We are not obligated to make all requested amendments, but we will give each request careful consideration.

Request Restrictions.
You have the right to request a restriction or limitation on how we use and disclose your protected health information. We will consider your request but are not legally required to accept it. If we accept your request, we will put any limits in writing and abide by them, except in emergency situations.

Request Confidential Communications.
You have the right to request how we communicate with you to preserve your privacy. For example, you may request that we contact you only at your work number, or by mail at a special address or postal box. Your request must be made in writing. We are not required to agree to your restriction request but will attempt to accommodate reasonable requests when appropriate.

An Accounting of Disclosures.
You have the right to request a list of disclosures of your health information we have made outside of our practice that were not for treatment, payment or health care operations. Your request must be in writing and must state the time period for the requested information. You may not request information for any dates prior to April 14, 2003 (the compliance date for the federal regulation) nor for a period of time greater than six years (our legal obligation to retain the information). Please see the registrar or call us for the appropriate form. We will respond within 60 days of receiving your request. We will provide the first list to you at no charge, but if you make more than one request in the same year, we will charge you a reasonable fee for each additional request.

File a Complaint.
If you believe that we have violated your medical information privacy rights, or you disagree with a decision we made about access to your protected health information, you may file a complaint with our Privacy Officer or directly to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. There will be no retaliation for your filing a complaint.

Privacy Officer
Mayfield Clinic
506 Oak Street
Cincinnati, OH 45219

Office for Civil Rights
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
200 Independence Avenue, S.W.
Room 509F HHH Building
Washington, DC 20201

Uses or Disclosures Not Covered Uses or disclosures of your protected health information not covered by this notice or the laws that apply to us may only be made with your written authorization. You may revoke such authorization in writing at any time and we will no longer disclose health information about you for the reasons stated in your written authorization. Disclosures made in reliance on the authorization prior to the revocation are not affected by the revocation.

Changes to This Notice
We reserve the right to change the terms of this notice and our privacy practices at any time. Any changes will apply to the protected health information we already have. Before we make an important change to our practices, we will promptly change this notice and post a new notice in each office's registration area. You can also request a copy of this notice at any time by contacting the Privacy Officer listed above. You may also view a copy of this notice on our website: www.mayfieldclinic.com.

For More Information
If you have questions or would like additional information, you may contact us at the address listed above, or at (513) 221-1100 or (800)325-7787. Effective Date: April 14, 2003

Editorial Policy
All material on our web site that we present as our own is either created by us or is obtained from content providers whose editorial processes we have evaluated and found to be acceptable. These materials are developed and/or reviewed by Mayfield Clinic and the University of Cincinnati Department of Neurosurgery faculty and researchers under the direction of the editorial staff and the Mayfield Clinic Patient Education Committee. All material is based on scientific research and the collective wisdom of practicing physicians at Mayfield Clinic. All material is dated so you can tell when it was placed on the site. All material on the site is reviewed annually to ensure that it is still accurate and appropriate. All material is indicated with a content level so viewers can match their needs to their knowledge level.

Basic level: provides general information on a specific disease or condition including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and overview of treatment options. Suitable for those newly diagnosed.

Advanced level: explores specific procedures and treatments in a step-by-step fashion: what happens before, during, and after a procedure. Also discusses the indications, results, and side effects of the procedure. Suitable for those examining and deciding among their various treatment options.

Professional level: written at the physician level, may describe new technology, compare treatment modalities, and discuss advantages and disadvantages of certain procedures. Suitable for patients who are well informed about their condition and are dealing with related complications, recurrence, or interested in trying investigational treatments.

Generally speaking, most of the material on our web site is intended for consumers. However, we do provide some professional-level information on our site. We make it clear when information on our site is at the professional level. Information intended for consumers is reviewed for medical accuracy by our physicians who are members of the faculty at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Information for healthcare professionals has been evaluated by both in-house editors and, for most materials that are in the form of an article, has been sent to independent medical professionals or journals for peer review. Sources for third-party editorial content include government agencies, not-for-profit foundations, medical publishers, and for-profit companies that provide healthcare news and information.

Mayfield Code
Because the Internet is a relatively new medium, few guidelines have been established for determining the quality and accuracy of information on the web. At Mayfield, providing accurate, impartial, well-balanced health information is our priority. In addition to following the HON code of ethics, our Mayfield Patient Education Committee has developed additional guidelines and methods to ensure validity and content accuracy that are consistent with the Hi-ethics principles .

Quality of Health Information Content

  1. We will not make claims of therapeutic benefit without reasonable support, or deliberately provide false or misleading information.
  2. We will not accept advertising or sponsored health information content that we know either contains false or misleading claims or promotes ineffective or dangerous products.
  3. We will have an editorial policy that is easy for consumers to find, read, and understand. Our editorial policy will describe procedures we use for evaluating the quality of the health information content on our health web site, whether created by us or obtained from others.

Authorship and Accountability

  1. We will disclose any cases where we have placed health information content on our health web site because of sponsorship or other support from a third party. In addition to identifying the sponsor, we will clearly disclose significant relationships between the commercial sponsor and our health information content by identifying the sponsor's involvement with that content.
  2. Where we reproduce health information content created by third parties, we will clearly disclose the author and/or source of the material and the date of the material or its last update.
  3. Where we present health information content as the result of clinical experience or scholarly research, we will clearly disclose the actual author(s) of the health information content.
  4. Where we create health information content for use by consumers, we will provide general information about our authors and their qualifications, our editorial policy, and, if any, our expert review process.
  5. Where we create health information content, we will clearly disclose the date it was created or last updated.
  6. We will have a conflict of interest policy for all authors that is easy for consumers to find, read, and understand. We will disclose all affiliations and financial relationships of authors consistent with our policy.
Evaluating medical information on the web
Since there is no central body governing the internet, anyone can put any information on the internet. So how do you know if something you read is accurate and reputable? Consider the following criteria developed by the Health Summit Working Group:
  • Credibility - includes the author, source, currency, and editorial review process for the information
  • Content - must be accurate and complete, with an appropriate disclaimer
  • Disclosure - states the purpose of the site and information collected from using the site, as well as sponsorship by device manufacturers or drug companies
  • Links - provides connections to additional sources of information or national organizations
  • Design - encompasses accessibility, logical organization (navigability), and internal search capability
  • Interactivity - allows reader feedback, ability to ask questions, self-review
  • Caveats - clarifies whether site function is to market products and services or is a primary information content provider
Regarding claims of treatment effectiveness:
  • What was done -- what were the objectives of the work when it began, and did any major changes of scope or direction occur during performance of the work?
  • What were the methods -- and are they clearly identified that you can read up on them separately from the article you are reading? A very good resource for understanding methods of medical research is "Netting the Evidence -- A ScHARR Introduction to Evidence Based Practice on the Internet."
  • What were the bounding conditions -- have the authors informed the readers about the conditions under which their methods are known to work, versus situations where these methods may have limited validity?
  • What were the outcomes -- have the authors explained both the results they were looking for at the beginning, and any unexpected results that emerged later? Were the data quantitative (measured) or qualitative (reported, subjective)?
  • How do their outcomes compare with statistics from national organizations?
  • Have their results been peer-reviewed or published in a recognized medical journal?
  • Promotion of medical devices or procedures?
Regarding qualification of the author:
  • Does the author have education in a pertinent discipline?
  • Is the author Board Certified or Board-eligible in a pertinent medical specialty? You can learn about the education and Board certification for any M.D. or D.O. who practices in US, by looking him or her up at the American Medical Association. Board certification is not always a magic bullet by any means, but it can at least indicate that a practitioner has bothered to acquire more than average training in his/her chosen field. Board certification may be less important than the length of time the physician has been treating patients with a given disease and the numbers of patients seen each month.
  • Has the author published a body of work in the medical literature? Is this work in a related area of knowledge? You can obtain a list of an author's citations and abstracts by searching PubMed for the authors' name. The same resource can provide lists of papers for the past 10 years or more on almost any medical subject. For non-physicians with distinctive names, you can often learn about their published work by searching on the name at Internet search engines (e.g., Altavista, InfoSeek, Hotbot, and Excite). Alternately, for common names, look for a direct email link on the site where you find the information. Send email to either the author or the site manager and ask for information about the background of the author. Then verify the information in the manner suggested above.
  • If the author is writing outside his/her field of formal academic training, is (s)he a member of a professional organization or does s(he) have recent training or experience in a pertinent field? Has the individual studied with another professional who is more prominent in such a field? We can sometimes learn about these issues by investigating the other authors with whom our "target" has co-written published articles. Is the author affiliated with a medical or educational institution? Frequently, a general Internet search at one of the sites identified above will reveal such an affiliation. If not, you can inquire by email.

Dislaimer
The information contained on MayfieldClinic.com is not intended nor is it implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, nor is it intended to be for medical diagnosis or treatment. The service is presented for the sole purpose of disseminating health information. It is not intended and must not be taken to be the provision or practice of medical, nursing or professional health care advice or services in any jurisdiction. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. The information about drugs contained on this site is general in nature and is intended for use as an educational aid. It does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, or interactions of these medicines, nor is the information intended as medical advice for individual problems or for making an evaluation as to the risks and benefits of taking a particular drug.

Privacy Policy
Mayfield understands how important the privacy of personal information is to our customers. We are committed to honoring your privacy, and to offering special protections for any personal health information you choose to share with us. The document you are reading is our privacy policy for our web sites, and it describes what information we may collect about you, what uses we may make of it, how you can tell us what to do with your information, and what precautions we take against unauthorized access or use of your information. This site is in compliance with all federal regulations regarding privacy and security of personal/health information.

IP Addresses
There are several types of information we collect. For all visitors to the Service, we collect and log your IP address. An IP address is a number automatically assigned to your computer whenever you access the internet. IP addresses allow computers and servers to recognize and communicate with one another. We collect IP address information to properly administer our system and to gather aggregate information on visitors to our site and how our site is being used, including the pages visitors are viewing. This aggregate information may be shared with advertisers, sponsors and others businesses. To maintain your anonymity, we do not associate IP addresses with records containing personal information. We will use IP address information, however, to personally identify you in order to enforce our legal rights or when required to do so by law enforcement authorities.

Cookies
We also place small data files, called "cookies," in the browser file of your computer's hard drive. These cookies automatically identify your browser to our server whenever you interact with the Service. Most browsers automatically accept these cookies, but you usually can change your browser setting to prevent the acceptance of cookies. In addition, we usually collect the domain name of the server from which you are visiting. This can provide us with information relating to the sources of our traffic. Collecting this information does not allow us to personally identify you.

Registration, Health Risk Assessment and Disease Management Information
We also collect personal information that you choose to share with us in the registration, risk-assessment and disease management portions of the Service. This information may include e-mail addresses and your answers to questions. Again, this information is only collected with your permission and, as explained below, may be updated or deleted by you at any time. We collect this information, should you decide to provide it to us, to tailor the Service to your personal health interests and needs. For example, the registration process allows you to highlight the health topics of interest to you, so that we can notify you when a new article or other information becomes available on these topics on the Service. It also allows us to create personal disease and wellness management programs for you to use on a recurring basis.

Surveys
At times, you may be asked to complete survey questions that appear on the Service. If you agree to participate in the survey, you will be asked to review and accept certain additional terms and conditions relating to use of the information you furnish, which may include personally identifiable information. These terms and conditions are in addition to the Privacy Policies set forth in this Agreement, including sharing such personally identifiable information with market research firms with which we have a business relationship.

E-Mail Communications, Newsletters and Related Services
The Service provides you with the opportunity to receive communications from us or third parties. Once you have decided to receive such communications, you may later decide to stop receiving them. To stop receiving communications, you may send an e-mail message to webmaster@mayfieldclinic.com.

Information for E-Commerce Transactions
Some areas of the Service may allow you to conduct e-commerce transactions. In connection with these transactions, we collect data necessary to complete the transaction and that is furnished by you. This information may be furnished to a third party in order to facilitate the transaction.

Aggregate Information
We use general traffic, site usage, and length of stay information in reports to advertisers and firms with which we have a business relationship. This sort of information is shared only on an aggregated basis and does not personally identify you.

Children's Privacy
The Service is intended for adults age 18 and over. It is not intended for or designed to attract persons under the age of 18. We do not permit registration by, nor do we collect personally identifiable information from, any person we actually know to be under the age of 18.

Changing or Deleting Information
The Service gives you the opportunity to change or delete information that has previously been furnished by you to us. To change such information, you can send an e-mail to us at webmaster@mayfieldclinic.com.

Other Sites
Our privacy policies apply only to your use of the Service. The Service contains links to other sites, including sites that may indicate a special relationship with us. While we do not disclose personably identifiable information to those operating these linked sites, we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. You should read the privacy policies of each site you visit to determine what information that site may be collecting about you.

Changes to Our Privacy and Security Policies
Just with the other terms and conditions of this Agreement, we may change the terms and conditions of our Privacy Policies at any time by posting revisions on the Service. You agree to review the Privacy Policies portions of this Agreement each time you use the Service so that you are aware of any modifications made to these policies. By accessing or using the Service, you agree to be bound by all of the terms and conditions of the Agreement as posted on the Service at the time of your access or use, including the Privacy Policies then in effect. August, 2001

Advertising and Sponsorship Policy
To help further its mission of making reliable health information available to the public, MayfieldClinic.com accepts advertising and sponsorship under strict guidelines. We will refuse any advertisement that we believe is incompatible with our mission. Ads are clearly labeled and separated from our editorial content. We do not endorse any company or product. An ad appearing on our site does not mean we endorse that advertised company or product. No advertisements related to alcohol or tobacco products are accepted, nor advertising for specific health or life insurance, or professional medical products. Advertisers and sponsors must not make unsubstantiated health claims, nor suggest that Mayfield Clinic has endorsed a product. Advertising messages are clearly labeled as such and separated from all site content. Advertising is not targeted to individual users but may be placed on the site adjacent to content related to advertiser or sponsor interest.

Content Licensing
MayfieldClinic.com makes its quality health information available for licensing on your Web site, online service, corporate intranet or extranet, other digital media or in print. Revenue from MayfieldClinic.com licensing activities supports Mayfield Clinic programs, including medical education and research. If you are interested in licensing MayfieldClinic.com content, please e-mail: Tom Rosenberger, Vice President of Marketing and Communications trosenberger@mayfieldclinic.com . Mayfield Clinic does not receive fees from your use of links from MayfieldClinic.com to other sites. MayfieldClinic.com does not endorse sites that link to or from MayfieldClinic.com.

Terms of Use
MayfieldClinic.com is an online information and communications service and internet site (the "Service") provided by Mayfield Clinic for Medical Education and Research and from other sources. Use of the Service is governed by the terms and conditions of this Agreement. Please read this Agreement carefully before accessing or using the Service. Throughout this Agreement, Mayfield Clinic is referred to as "we" or "us."

General Terms and Conditions
By accessing or using the Service, you agree to be bound by all of the terms and conditions of this Agreement. This Agreement is intended to be fully effective and binding upon you and us. We may modify this Agreement at any time, and you agree that such modifications will be effective immediately upon posting of the modified Agreement on the Service. You agree to review the Agreement posted on the Service each time you use the Service so that you are aware of any modifications made to this Agreement. By accessing or using the Service, you agree to be bound by all of the terms and conditions of the Agreement as posted on the Service at the time of your access or use.

YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT USE OF THIS SERVICE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK AND THAT THE SERVICE AND ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED ON OR PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED ON OR PROVIDED THROUGH THIS SERVICE IS INTENDED FOR GENERAL CONSUMER UNDERSTANDING AND EDUCATION ONLY AND IS NOT INTENDED TO BE AND IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ADVICE. ALWAYS SEEK THE ADVICE OF YOUR PHYSICIAN, NURSE OR OTHER QUALIFIED HEALTH CARE PROVIDER BEFORE YOU UNDERGO ANY TREATMENT OR FOR ANSWERS TO ANY QUESTIONS YOU MAY HAVE REGARDING A MEDICAL CONDITION. NOTHING CONTAINED ON OR PROVIDED THROUGH THE SERVICE IS INTENDED TO BE OR IS TO BE USED FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT.

You understand and agree that, except for information, products, services or merchandise clearly identified as being supplied by us, we do not operate, control, supply, endorse, warrant or guarantee any information, products, services or merchandise available on the Service or through the internet generally in any way. You also understand and agree that we cannot and do not warrant or guarantee that files available for downloading through the Service will be free of infections or viruses, worms, Trojan horses or other code that contains contaminating or destructive properties. You understand and agree that you are solely responsible for implementing sufficient precautions, procedures and checkpoints to satisfy your own requirements for the accuracy of data input and output, and for maintaining a means external to the Service for the reconstruction of any lost data. We do not assume any responsibility for the loss of any information, data or other materials resulting from your use of the Service.

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